Calculus

Explanation of tables
*green Function exists in octave 2.0.x
Noted incompatibilities and missing features
+yellow Function exists in matcompat
Author and home for the function.
?orange Function doesn't exist
Explanation of what you can do instead.
xred Function doesn't exist, and no work-around

Integration
Howard Wilson and Bryce Gardner provide quadg, quad2dg and others. It looks like some cleanup is necessary before distributing with octave, such as renaming internal functions to __fn and removing unused functions.
*quad
?quad8
?dblquad

Differentiation
*diff
+gradient
Kai Habel
+del2
Kai Habel

Ordinary differential equations
Octave has lsode and dassl. Marc Compere has specifically ode23 and ode45, plus others.
+ode45
+ode23
xode113
xode23t
xode15s
xode23s
xode23tb
xodefile

ODE parameters
xodeset
xodeget

ODE output
xodeplot
xodephas2
xodephas3
xodeprint