Setting The Intonation
If you want your guitar to play in tune all the way up
the neck, you have to set the intonation correctly. this involves adjusting the
"speaking" length of the strings - i'e' the distance between the nut and the
bridge saddles.
For this job you'll need some screwdrivers and an electronic tuner
or some other sort of pitch reference such as pitch pipes. I'll cover the subject with
regard to both Gibson Tune-O-Matic and Fender Tremelo bridges. Before I proceed, however,
a couple of important points.
1) Ensure that you have a set of new strings installed before you
attempt to set the intonation and have the guitar tuned to pitch. For information about
how to change your strings, click here.
2) Setting the intonation is but one aspect of setting up a guitar
and should not be viewed in isolation. Don't think that because we're dealing with the
bridge here that we won't have to come back to it. When we go on to sort out the overall
action, the bridge will need further adjustments.
Gibson-type Bridge
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This bridge has six individually-adjustable saddles which are
adjusted by means of the screws you can see at the bottom of the bridge facing the stop
tailpiece. The screws are of the slot head variety. On some Gibsons these screws face the
other way (usually on the older or replica models) and are slightly less accessible.
Using a tuning reference, play a 12th fret harmonic on the bottom E
string and then compare this with a note fretted at the 12th fret. The two notes should be
exactly the same. If the fretted note is sharp, then the saddle needs to be moved back
towards the tailpiece. If the fretted note is flat, the saddle needs to be moved the
oppostite way - forwards towards the pick-ups. When the two notes are the same, the string
has the correct intonation set. I find that the easiest way to remember all this is to
think about flat and forward both beginning with the same letter.
If you have to adjust the saddle, place a soft cloth below where
you're going to insert the tip of the screwdriver to avoid scratches if the tip slips.
Turn the screw clockwise to move the saddle back and anti-clockwise to move it forward.
It's best to just make small turns, as a little turn can make a lot of difference. After
every adjustment to the position of the saddle, retune the string to pitch and compare the
12th fret note with the harmonic. Repeat the operation until the string has the correct
intonation. then move on to the next string.
Fender-style Bridge
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Although the Fender bridge looks rather different, the principles
of setting the intonation are exactly the same as for the Gibson bridge. You move the
saddles until the note at the 12th fret and the 12th fret harmonic are identical.
If you look at both bridges, you can see that the saddles are both
arranged similarly, with two offset rows of three saddles each. This is the sign of a
well-set-up guitar and after a little practice, it is possible to set the saddles by eye
to this arrangement and find that the guitar has almost perfect intonation! If you're
buying a guitar it's a good sign to see this as it means that the instrument has been
properly set up at some time or other. Don't do as one of my students did and move all the
bridge saddles into a nice straight line!
When do you need to set the intonation?
Well, I always check the intonation whenever I change strings or I
think that the intonation is suspect. Guitars are very susceptible to changes in
temperature and humidity and this may cause some need for adjusting the intonation. If you
keep your guitar in a case in an environment which has a constant temperature and use the
same gauge and brand of string you may hardly ever need to adjust the intonation. It's a
good idea to check it whenever you restring your guitar and this will reassure you that
you'll be playing in tune, especially if you're stringing your guitar ready for a gig.
Really, setting the intonation is very straightforward and there's
no risk of damaging the bridge. Just work carefully and turn the saddle screws just a
little bit at a time and just keep on checking the intonation until it's correct.
Guitar set-up tutorials - Overview
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